الحاد کی وجوہات، اعتراضات اور جوابات: ایک تحقیقی، تنقیدی اور کلامی مطالعہ

CAUSES OF ATHEISM, OBJECTIONS, AND RESPONSES: A RESEARCH-BASED, CRITICAL, AND THEOLOGICAL STUDY

Abstract

In the twenty-first century, Atheism has emerged as a pervasive intellectual, social, and philosophical challenge that radically negates metaphysical realities and seeks to reduce human existence to purely material and accidental phenomena. This research paper explores the lexical, terminological, and Quranic foundations of atheism while critically examining the key factors behind its emergence and proliferation—namely, the lack of authentic religious knowledge, evasion of moral accountability, misinterpretation of scientific paradigms (scientism), Western materialism and hedonism, systemic socio-religious injustices, and digital Skepticism. Furthermore, an extensive literature review is incorporated, encompassing classical Islamic scholastic theology (Ilm al-Kalam) to contemporary Muslim and Western philosophy of religion. Grounded in the comprehensive framework of Islamic epistemology (empirical senses, sound reason, and divine revelation), this study systematically refutes six major atheistic contentions: the infinite regress of causality ("who created the Creator?"), the invisibility argument, the problem of evil and suffering, congenital disabilities and structural inequality, the alleged cosmological self-sufficiency of the Big Bang, and the polytheistic fallacy through the theological argument of mutual exclusion (Dalil al-Tamanu'). Finally, academic references are meticulously documented in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style.

D.O.I. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23272186